{"id":126,"date":"2008-09-09T00:27:25","date_gmt":"2008-09-08T22:27:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wordpress.khm.de\/sag\/?p=126"},"modified":"2008-09-09T00:27:25","modified_gmt":"2008-09-08T22:27:25","slug":"a-cultural-history-of-surveillance-working-on-a-timeline","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sag.khm.de\/?p=126","title":{"rendered":""A Cultural History of Surveillance" : working on a TimeLine"},"content":{"rendered":"

1608<\/strong> The earliest known working telescope<\/strong>s appeared, credited to Hans Lippershey and Zacharias Janssen, spectacle-makers in Middelburg, and Jacob Metius.<\/p>\n

1609<\/strong> Galileo used a refracting telescope as an instrument to observe stars, planets or moons. The name telescope<\/strong> was coined for Galileo’s instrument by a mathematician, Giovanni Demisiani, in 1611<\/strong>. The name was derived from the Greek tele<\/em> = ‘far’ and skopein<\/em> = ‘to look or see’.<\/p>\n

1642<\/strong> Pascal constructed a mechanical calculator<\/strong> capable of addition and subtraction, called Pascal’s calculator<\/em> or the Pascaline<\/em><\/p>\n

1785<\/strong> Plan for Hotel-Dieu<\/em>, Drawing by Bernard Poyet<\/strong> (Fonte: FERMAND, C.. Les h\u00f4pitaux et les cliniques: architectures de la sant\u00e9<\/em>, Paris, Le Moniteur, 1999, p. 20)<\/font><\/p>\n

\"Bernard
\n1786<\/strong> Plan for a Hospital<\/em>, Drawing by Bernard Poyet<\/strong><\/p>\n

1791<\/strong> General Idea of a Penitentiary Panopticon<\/em>, Drawing by Willey Reveley after Jeremy Bentham<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"1791<\/p>\n

1796-98<\/strong> Alois Senefelder<\/strong> developed lithography<\/strong><\/p>\n

1837<\/strong> Charles Babbage<\/strong> designed a fully programmable mechanical computer<\/strong> he called The Analytical Engine<\/em><\/p>\n

1837<\/strong> 1st telegraph<\/strong> by Samuel F. B. Morse <\/strong><\/p>\n

1840<\/strong> Projet de p\u00e9nitencier<\/em>, Drawing by Harou Romain<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"1840<\/a><\/p>\n

1878<\/strong> 1st phonograph<\/strong>, patented by T.A.Edison, invented by Charles Cros<\/strong><\/p>\n

1887<\/strong> Emil Berliner<\/strong> invented and patented the grammophone<\/strong><\/p>\n

1889<\/strong> Herman Hollerith<\/strong> developed and patented a punched card<\/strong> data processing technology for 1890 US Census and founded the Tabulating Machine Company,\u00a0 one of the three companies that merged to form Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation, later renamed IBM<\/p>\n

1900<\/strong> Reginald Fessenden<\/strong> successfully transmitted his speech over a distance of about one mile, which appears to have been the 1st audio radio transmission<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

1927<\/strong> Russian inventor L\u00e9on Theremin<\/strong> developed a mirror drum-based television<\/strong> system which used interlacing to achieve an image resolution of 100 lines.<\/p>\n

1927<\/strong> Herbert E. Ives of Bell Labs<\/strong> transmitted moving images from a 50-aperture disk producing 16 frames per minute over a cable from Washington, DC to New York City. Ives used viewing screens as large as 24 by 30 inches.<\/p>\n

1927<\/strong> Fritz Lang<\/strong> directed Metropolis<\/em> (screenplay written 1924)<\/p>\n

1929<\/strong> Dziga Vertov<\/strong> edited the movie Man with a Movie Camera<\/em><\/p>\n

\"1929<\/a><\/p>\n

1932<\/strong> Aldous Huxley<\/strong> published Brave New World<\/em><\/p>\n

1935-1944<\/strong> On air period of the German TV Station Paul Nipkow<\/em>. Its headquarters were in Berlin. It was named after Paul Nipkow, the inventor of the Nipkow disk<\/p>\n

1936<\/strong> Walter Benjamin<\/strong> published The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction<\/em><\/p>\n

1939<\/strong> John Cage<\/strong> composed Imaginary Landscape No. 1<\/em><\/p>\n

1941<\/strong> Konrad Zuse<\/strong> developed Z3, the first working machine featuring binary arithmetic, including floating point arithmetic and a measure of programmability. In 1998 the Z3 was proved to be Turing complete, therefore being the world’s first operational computer.<\/p>\n

1942<\/strong> Siemens<\/strong> installed first CCTV for the monitoring Test Stand VII of A4-skyrockets (in Peenem\u00fcnde<\/a>)<\/p>\n

1945<\/strong> Vannevar Bush<\/strong> published in Journal The Atlantic Monthly the article\u00a0 As We May Think<\/em>. He is thinking about a system called Memex<\/strong> (for Memory Extender<\/em>) as an electronic exstention of human memory and knowledge. A prototype both of PC and hypertext.<\/p>\n

1946<\/strong> Peter Goldmark (CBS) demonstrated his color television system<\/strong>. His system produced color pictures by having a red-blue-green wheel spin in front of a cathode ray tube.<\/p>\n

1949<\/strong> This mechanical means of producing a color picture (by Peter Goldmark) was used to broadcast medical procedures from Pennsylvania and Atlantic City hospitals. In Atlantic City, viewers could come to the convention center to see broadcasts of operations. Reports from the time noted that the realism of seeing surgery in color caused more than a few viewers to faint.<\/p>\n

1951<\/strong> The first video tape recorder (VTR<\/strong>) captured live images from television cameras by converting the information into electrical impulses and saving the information onto magnetic tape1956<\/strong> Ampex<\/strong> sold the first VTR for $50,000<\/p>\n

1957<\/strong> Sputnik<\/strong> launch, 1st artificial satellite<\/p>\n

1958<\/strong>-1980 Developement and activity of SAGE, <\/span>Semi-Automatic Ground Environment<\/strong><\/em>, Source: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Image:SAGE_control_room.png (<\/span>This image is a work of a U.S. Air Force Airman or employee, taken or made during the course of the person’s official duties. As a work of the U.S. federal government, the image is)<\/span><\/p>\n

\"1950-80ies<\/p>\n

1961<\/strong> first meteorological satellites<\/strong> launched by the USA<\/p>\n

1963<\/strong> Philips<\/strong> presented first audio cassette recorder<\/p>\n

1963<\/strong> Nam Jun Paik<\/strong> exhibit 13 TV monitors at EXPosition of Music ELetronic television at Galerie Parnass Wuppertal<\/p>\n

1964<\/strong> Marshall McLuhan<\/strong> published Understanding Media<\/em><\/p>\n

1963-65<\/strong> Ted Nelson<\/strong> (Projekt Xanadu) coined and published the term hypertext<\/strong><\/p>\n

1969<\/strong> Vito Acconci<\/strong> produced Following Piece<\/em> in New York<\/p>\n

\"1969<\/a><\/p>\n

1969<\/strong> US Defence and its Advanced Research Project Agency <\/em>developed ARPANET<\/strong><\/p>\n

1969<\/strong> Sony<\/strong> introduced a prototype for the first widespread video cassette, the 3\/4″ composite U-matic system<\/strong>, which Sony introduced commercially in 1971 after working out industry standards with other manufacturers. Sony later refined it to Broadcast Video U-matic<\/em> or BVU<\/p>\n

1969-70<\/strong> Bruce Nauman<\/strong> developed the installation Live-Taped Video Corridor<\/em> (http:\/\/www.medienkunstnetz.de\/works\/live-taped-video-corridor\/)<\/p>\n

1969-70 Bruce Nauman<\/strong> produced Video Surveillance Piece<\/em> \/ Public Room, Private Room<\/p>\n

\"1969-70<\/p>\n

1970<\/strong> William S. Burroughs<\/strong> published The Electronic Revolution<\/em> (In both The Electronic Revolution<\/em> and The Job<\/em> (1970), Burroughs mapped strategies for the use of tape recorders as instruments of psychic terrorism); (http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Electronic_Revolution)<\/p>\n

1970<\/strong> Dan Graham<\/strong> staged TV Camera \/ Monitor Performance<\/em> at Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, Halifax<\/p>\n

1971<\/strong> The first Video Cassette Recorder were sold by Sony<\/strong><\/p>\n

1971<\/strong> Jochen Gerz<\/strong> presented IBM Colour Ribbon<\/em>: Unlike the videotape, the typewriter ribbon directly and visibly shows the information transferred to it. As a waste product, it embodies mechanical text production as a process in time (http:\/\/www.medienkunstnetz.de\/works\/ibm-farbband\/)<\/p>\n

\"1971<\/p>\n

1973<\/strong> Peter Weibel<\/strong> installed Observation of the Observation: Uncertainty<\/em><\/p>\n

1973<\/strong> GPS<\/strong> program Joint Program Office is started<\/p>\n

1974<\/strong> Francis Ford Coppola<\/strong> directed the movie The Conversation<\/em><\/p>\n

\"1974<\/a><\/p>\n

1975<\/strong> Michel Foucault<\/strong> published Surveiller et punir<\/em><\/p>\n

1976<\/strong> Dara Birnbaum<\/strong> edited Technology \/ Transformation: Wonder Woman<\/em><\/p>\n

\"1976<\/a><\/p>\n

1976<\/strong> VHS<\/strong> video format introduced by JVC<\/strong><\/p>\n

1977<\/strong> Dan Graham<\/strong> staged Performer\/Audience\/Mirror<\/em><\/p>\n

1978<\/strong> 1st GPS<\/strong> satellite launched<\/p>\n

1978<\/strong> Antonio Muntadas<\/strong> produced the video On Subjectivity (About TV)<\/em><\/p>\n

\"1978<\/p>\n

1979<\/strong> Sony and Philips developed toghether the Compact Disk<\/strong> CD<\/p>\n

1979<\/strong> first edition of ars electronica<\/strong> festival, Linz, austria<\/p>\n

1981<\/strong> Sophie Calle<\/strong> acted The Shadow<\/em> : \u00abIn April 1981, at my request, my mother went to a detetctive agency. She hired them to follow me, to report my daily activities, and to proviede photographic evidence of my existence.\u00bb In The Shadow<\/em> she sets the detective’s photographic account against her own observations: the observer becomes the observed. The viewer is the third witness. This search for her own identity fails to reveal a clear picture here, too. Sophie Calle’s face does not appear in any of the pictures: her figure emerges like a shadow throughout the detective’s photographs. (http:\/\/www.hausderkunst.de\/englisch\/aus\/daten_pages\/0008.html)<\/p>\n

\"1981<\/p>\n

1982<\/strong> Ridley Scott<\/strong> directed Blude Runner<\/em><\/p>\n

1982<\/strong> David Rokeby<\/strong> started to develope Very Nervous System<\/em>, his first major interactive work using video cameras, image processors, computers, synthesizers and a sound system to create a space in which the movements of one’s body create sound and\/or music.<\/p>\n

1983<\/strong> Michael Klier<\/strong> directed\/edited the movie Der Riese<\/em>, an unconventionally constructed essay video on video surveillance in public space<\/p>\n

\"1983<\/a><\/p>\n

1984<\/strong> 1st Macintosh 128k presented<\/p>\n

1985<\/strong> Julia Scher<\/strong>‘s 1st reference to surveillance Hardley Feel It Going In<\/em> (painting with surveillance system)<\/p>\n

1986<\/strong> Julia Scher<\/strong>‘s 1st Bubble Memory device by Hitachi Softly Tapping The Wires<\/em> (interactive installation)<\/p>\n

1991<\/strong> Julia Scher<\/strong> presenting DDD (Danger Dirty Data)<\/em><\/p>\n

1998<\/strong> Surveillance Camera Players<\/strong> staged George Orwell’s 1984<\/em>. Excerpt of the storyboard of Art Toad’s adaptation of George Orwell’s famous anti-utopian play 1984<\/em> took place on the platform of a New York subway station in November 1998. www.medienkunstnetz.de\/works\/george-orwells-1984<\/p>\n

\"1998<\/p>\n

2007<\/strong> Nino Leitner<\/strong> directed Every Step You Take<\/em>, a CCTV surveillance documentary (everystepyoutake.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

** to add:<\/p>\n

* deutsche Romantik \/ Landschaften<\/p>\n

* Humanismus<\/p>\n

* datafiles and computer science<\/p>\n

* practies of social authority : examples from asia, south america<\/p>\n

* CCTV 1st references in USA and Sowiet Union<\/p>\n

* the past happening in the present (show the shift) -> explosion of media -> tube-technology<\/p>\n

* shift from tape to hard-drive<\/p>\n

* capture & control<\/p>\n

* unframed (before Acconci)<\/p>\n

*all the things send to space (library)<\/p>\n

* Irit Batsy<\/p>\n

* Apocalypse (result of no watching) -> look for a work or position dealing with apocalypse (Lars von Trier? Michael Haneke?)<\/p>\n

* seeing not seeing: millions of art works: which subcategory for explosiotion? A list of places where art is shown! (after date with Jason Simon)<\/p>\n

* data desaster<\/p>\n

* timeline compiled by arte-e-parte<\/strong>, 2008<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1608 The earliest known working telescopes appeared, credited to Hans Lippershey and Zacharias Janssen, spectacle-makers in Middelburg, and Jacob Metius. 1609 Galileo used a refracting telescope as an instrument to observe stars, planets or moons. The name telescope was coined for Galileo’s instrument by a mathematician, Giovanni Demisiani, in 1611. The name was derived from […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_vp_format_video_url":"","_vp_image_focal_point":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[64,55,59,67,52,74,61,70],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-126","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archive","category-art-positions-projects","category-current","category-security","category-seminars","category-surveillantearchitectures","category-technology","category-videotaping"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sag.khm.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/126","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sag.khm.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sag.khm.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sag.khm.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/16"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sag.khm.de\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=126"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sag.khm.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/126\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sag.khm.de\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=126"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sag.khm.de\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=126"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sag.khm.de\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=126"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}